IBM Unveils Cognitive Computing Chips (Videos) *Significant step in computer evolution from calculators to learning systems*

▲▲▲

Cognitive Computing: the breakthrough for artificial intelligence?

Cognitive Computing Chips IBM has announced, "IBM researchers unveiled a new generation of experimental computer chips designed to emulate the brain’s abilities for perception, action and cognition. The technology could yield many orders of magnitude less power consumption and space than used in today’s computers. In a sharp departure from traditional concepts in designing and building computers, IBM’s first neurosynaptic computing chips recreate the phenomena between spiking neurons and synapses in biological systems, such as the brain, through advanced algorithms and silicon circuitry. Its first two prototype chips have already been fabricated and are currently undergoing testing. Called cognitive computers, systems built with these chips won’t be programmed the same way traditional computers are today. Rather, cognitive computers are expected to learn through experiences, find correlations, create hypotheses, and remember – and learn from – the outcomes, mimicking the brains structural and synaptic plasticity." The press release is lower in this post. Previously, Intel had announced a major breakthrough in microprocessors, Intel Announces Major Breakthrough in Microprocessors (Video) *Tri-Gate: world's first mass-produced 3-D transistors*.

Moving Beyond the von Neumann Paradigm IBM’s long-term goal is to build a chip system with ten billion neurons and hundred trillion synapses, while consuming merely one kilowatt of power and occupying less than two liters of volume. These are the parameters of the human brain. “This is a major initiative to move beyond the von Neumann paradigm that has been ruling computer architecture for more than half a century,” said Dharmendra Modha, project leader for IBM Research. “Future applications of computing will increasingly demand functionality that is not efficiently delivered by the traditional architecture. These chips are another significant step in the evolution of computers from calculators to learning systems, signaling the beginning of a new generation of computers and their applications in business, science and government.” Also announced was approximately $21 million in new funding from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) for Phase 2 of the Systems of Neuromorphic Adaptive Plastic Scalable Electronics (SyNAPSE) project.


SyNAPSE: IBM Cognitive Computing Project - Overview

Today's computers are little better than calculators; ruled by the von Neumann architecture for over half a century, they use storage structures and programmable memory that scientists are endlessly aiming to improve. However, the human brain - the world's most sophisticated computer - can perform complex tasks rapidly and accurately using the same amount of energy as a 20 watt light bulb and consuming as much space as a 2 liter bottle of soda. Researchers at IBM and collaborating universities are working to build cognitive systems that can learn and perform complex tasks such as action, recognition and perception, while rivaling the low energy and power consumption of the human brain.

Dr. Dharmendra Modha, IBM Cognitive Computing Manager, says today's computers, compared to the human brain, are little more than high-powered calculators. "We are trying to build cool, compact cognitive computing chips that rival the functionality of the human brain, while meeting extremely low power and low space of the human brain". Dr. Horst Simon, Deputy Director of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, says that the original computers were designed and built for one purpose (calculating). This architecture was then used for everything else in computing. Cognitive computing is rethinking the architecture of this architecture. He adds, "We don't want to build a human brain, we want to build a device that will make it easier for us to solve tasks that current computers can't solve very easily."

Dr. John Arthur, IBM Cognitive Computing Hardware, says, "The purpose of these neuromorphic chips is to build systems that can do things efficiently that current computers do poorly. Current computers are great at adding numbers, they can add billions of numbers per second, they are fantastically fast. They do really poorly at recognizing people's faces, recognizing objects, and other kinds of things that our brains do really well at. The hope is that we can build really large systems that can do recognition tasks in an automatic way." Professor Stefano Fusi, Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, Columbia University, adds, "This project (cognitive computing), is the perfect storm of nanotechnology, neuroscience, and supercomputing".

SyNAPSE: IBM Cognitive Computing Project - Software

Steven Esser, IBM Research - Almaden researcher on the SyNAPSE project, walks through the transformational technology behind cognitive computing.

Steven Esser, IBM SyNAPSE researcher, says, "The current state of the art in artificial intelligence has in a way run into a wall, where artificial intelligence can produce algorithms that are very good for specific problems, but they don't generalize very well beyond those specific problems. What we're hoping is that cognitive computing will give us a whole new range of algorithms that can solve many, many different problems with only minor tweaks to the basic system. We think that is going to open up a huge number of possible innovations. What we are looking for now is a completely new way to design our computing systems, that goes beyond on the traditional way of designing computing systems."

Esser continues, "What the human brain, or any mammalian brain, can do is take in huge amounts of raw data. From that raw data, we are able to make these amazing discriminations between different objects, make associations between these different objects, and we are able to make complex decisions based on our understanding of the world - just based on that raw data. We have these new systems we can build, if we just focus on that capability. If you look at the brain, it is divided into these different areas, specialized for certain functions. We have visual areas, auditory areas, and so forth. To understand how these different parts work together, we've been able to make some simulations." These simulations follow an outside stimulus to various areas of the brain. "I think we could be seeing completely new innovative systems in the next 20 years that could revolutionize the way personal computers are built."

IBM Unveils Cognitive Computing Chips

ARMONK, N.Y., - 18 Aug 2011: Today, IBM (NYSE: IBM) researchers unveiled a new generation of experimental computer chips designed to emulate the brain’s abilities for perception, action and cognition. The technology could yield many orders of magnitude less power consumption and space than used in today’s computers.

In a sharp departure from traditional concepts in designing and building computers, IBM’s first neurosynaptic computing chips recreate the phenomena between spiking neurons and synapses in biological systems, such as the brain, through advanced algorithms and silicon circuitry. Its first two prototype chips have already been fabricated and are currently undergoing testing.

Called cognitive computers, systems built with these chips won’t be programmed the same way traditional computers are today. Rather, cognitive computers are expected to learn through experiences, find correlations, create hypotheses, and remember – and learn from – the outcomes, mimicking the brains structural and synaptic plasticity.

To do this, IBM is combining principles from nanoscience, neuroscience and supercomputing as part of a multi-year cognitive computing initiative. The company and its university collaborators also announced they have been awarded approximately $21 million in new funding from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) for Phase 2 of the Systems of Neuromorphic Adaptive Plastic Scalable Electronics (SyNAPSE) project.

The goal of SyNAPSE is to create a system that not only analyzes complex information from multiple sensory modalities at once, but also dynamically rewires itself as it interacts with its environment – all while rivaling the brain’s compact size and low power usage. The IBM team has already successfully completed Phases 0 and 1.

“This is a major initiative to move beyond the von Neumann paradigm that has been ruling computer architecture for more than half a century,” said Dharmendra Modha, project leader for IBM Research. “Future applications of computing will increasingly demand functionality that is not efficiently delivered by the traditional architecture. These chips are another significant step in the evolution of computers from calculators to learning systems, signaling the beginning of a new generation of computers and their applications in business, science and government.”

Neurosynaptic Chips

While they contain no biological elements, IBM’s first cognitive computing prototype chips use digital silicon circuits inspired by neurobiology to make up what is referred to as a “neurosynaptic core” with integrated memory (replicated synapses), computation (replicated neurons) and communication (replicated axons).

IBM has two working prototype designs. Both cores were fabricated in 45 nm SOI-CMOS and contain 256 neurons. One core contains 262,144 programmable synapses and the other contains 65,536 learning synapses. The IBM team has successfully demonstrated simple applications like navigation, machine vision, pattern recognition, associative memory and classification.

IBM’s overarching cognitive computing architecture is an on-chip network of light-weight cores, creating a single integrated system of hardware and software. This architecture represents a critical shift away from traditional von Neumann computing to a potentially more power-efficient architecture that has no set programming, integrates memory with processor, and mimics the brain’s event-driven, distributed and parallel processing.

IBM’s long-term goal is to build a chip system with ten billion neurons and hundred trillion synapses, while consuming merely one kilowatt of power and occupying less than two liters of volume.

Why Cognitive Computing

Future chips will be able to ingest information from complex, real-world environments through multiple sensory modes and act through multiple motor modes in a coordinated, context-dependent manner.

For example, a cognitive computing system monitoring the world's water supply could contain a network of sensors and actuators that constantly record and report metrics such as temperature, pressure, wave height, acoustics and ocean tide, and issue tsunami warnings based on its decision making. Similarly, a grocer stocking shelves could use an instrumented glove that monitors sights, smells, texture and temperature to flag bad or contaminated produce. Making sense of real-time input flowing at an ever-dizzying rate would be a Herculean task for today’s computers, but would be natural for a brain-inspired system.

“Imagine traffic lights that can integrate sights, sounds and smells and flag unsafe intersections before disaster happens or imagine cognitive co-processors that turn servers, laptops, tablets, and phones into machines that can interact better with their environments,” said Dr. Modha.

For Phase 2 of SyNAPSE, IBM has assembled a world-class multi-dimensional team of researchers and collaborators to achieve these ambitious goals. The team includes Columbia University; Cornell University; University of California, Merced; and University of Wisconsin, Madison.

IBM has a rich history in the area of artificial intelligence research going all the way back to 1956 when IBM performed the world's first large-scale (512 neuron) cortical simulation. Most recently, IBM Research scientists created Watson, an analytical computing system that specializes in understanding natural human language and provides specific answers to complex questions at rapid speeds. Watson represents a tremendous breakthrough in computers understanding natural language, “real language” that is not specially designed or encoded just for computers, but language that humans use to naturally capture and communicate knowledge.

IBM’s cognitive computing chips were built at its highly advanced chip-making facility in Fishkill, N.Y. and are currently being tested at its research labs in Yorktown Heights, N.Y. and San Jose, Calif. For more information about IBM Research, please visit ibm.com/research.


About IBM

The company's business model is built to support two principal goals: helping clients succeed in delivering business value by becoming more innovative, efficient and competitive through the use of business insight and information technology (IT) solutions; and, providing long-term value to shareholders. The business model has been developed over time through strategic investments in capabilities and technologies that have the best long-term growth and profitability prospects based on the value they deliver to clients. The company's strategy is to focus on the high-growth, high-value segments of the IT industry.

The company's global capabilities include services, software, hardware, fundamental research and financing. The broad mix of businesses and capabilities are combined to provide business insight and solutions for the company's clients.

The business model is flexible, and allows for periodic change and rebalancing. The company has exited commoditizing businesses like personal computers and hard disk drives, and strengthened its position through strategic investments and acquisitions in emerging higher value segments like service oriented architecture (SOA) and Information on Demand. In addition, the company has transformed itself into a globally integrated enterprise which has improved overall productivity and is driving investment and participation in the world's fastest growing markets. As a result, the company is a higher performing enterprise today than it was several years ago.

The business model, supported by the company's long-term financial model, enables the company to deliver consistently strong earnings, cash flows and returns on invested capital in changing economic environments.

Visit Osprey Port News Network!

Apple, Google, Baidu, China, technology, financial system, stocks, markets, economy, science, environment, future

Follow Mountain Vision (@MountainVision) on Twitter!

Observations & thoughts by a sojourner through space & time...

Technological singularity, transhumanism, reality (objective, virtual, programmed, augmented), Universe, future.

▲▲▲

The Story of Your Enslavement (Video) "The only freedom is freedom from illusion"

▲▲▲

Cry of the Masses

Why You Are Easy to Control The video below provides "the story of your enslavement, how it came to be, and how you can finally be free". Human nature is to exploit resources, including other humans. The argument is that humans became afraid of death. By being afraid of death, and also injury and imprisonment, we become controllable. Humans became the most valuable resource to be controlled and exploited, by other humans. "This human farming has been the most profitable, and destructive, occupation throughout human history and it is now reaching its destructive climax." History is a series of human farms, where farmers own human livestock. These "farmers" are political, religious, economic, cultural, and military leaders and elite. Isn't there benevolence by providing food, water, shelter, health care, and education to the masses in a society? Farmers provide the same, including training, to their livestock. Isn't there freedom and liberty of individuals in the more modern, democratic societies? To an extent, but even farmers provide crop spacing to "increase their yields" and allow exceptional, "prized" animals more space, larger stalls to increase production. Therefore, is a nation such as America merely a "tax farm" and a corporatocracy to perpetuate both the government and corporations? Your "farmer" grants you certain liberties not because of concern for your freedom, but for profit maximization. This is the cage you were born into. Welcome to your cage!

History of Human Farming There have been four phases of human farming in history.
● Originally the human body was controlled by slavery, such as in ancient Egypt. The creativity of the mind was not generally exploited. Brute force was necessary for control and the system was inefficient.
● Next slaves were granted some freedom, as in the Roman Empire, thereby promoting some ingenuity and creativity. This increased productivity.
● Later the feudal system of lords, vassals, and fiefs was developed in Europe and the slaves were "peasants". Perhaps a peasant could control land, or even perhaps own land, as long as the higher ranks were paid taxes and tribute.
● Technology eventually allowed more agricultural productivity. Cities of displaced peasants, now industrial workers, and democracy, became a more efficient organization and method of human ownership via the industrial revolution. Also, it was more efficient to allow humans to choose their own occupations, now that technological advancement provided options. The assertion is that the Mafia model has now been implemented within democracies along with these increased freedoms.

Mafia Model Efficiency The Mafia doesn't necessarily own businesses directly, but extorts payment. Today you are allowed to choose your own occupation, which increases your productivity and therefore the taxes you can pay - to your masters. What freedoms you are allowed to have are profitable to your owners. However, an expansion of freedoms can adversely affect your owners' profitability. At that point, civil rights and liberty must be curtailed through restrictive measures. Taxed livestock must be kept within the compounds of the ruling class.

Maintaining Control of You Your owners maintain control of you through three methods.
● First is indoctrinating the young through education. You need to be trained in skills beneficial to the society, but not be educated in critical and logical thinking to be a threat. Logic should be a required, beginning course in every school, in order to learn, but it is not. Religious training is also useful to the owners for control.
● Second is to divide and conquer, to divide society, through the creation of dependent livestock. Extreme force is unproductive, such as in North Korea. Humans do not breed well and are not productive in direct captivity. However, if humans believe they are free, then productivity increases dramatically. To perpetuate this illusion of freedom, some of the livestock are placed on the farmers' payroll. Now they have a vested interested in the status quo and will resist change by other groups of citizens who protest against the violence, hypocrisy, and immorality of the system of human ownership. In Big Brother speak, "Freedom is slavery, and slavery is freedom". If the elite can get some of the cows, the sheeple, to attack others who protest against the system, then the cost of control is minimized. Those benefiting and and profiting from the largess of the farmer will violently oppose a challenge to the system by others. Those who demand real freedom are a threat to be suppressed.
● Third is the invention and perpetuation of external threats so that the livestock cling to the protection of the farmers. War is Peace!

Human Farming Nearing an End? Will the increases in economic freedoms of the past century cause a collapse of the Western economic systems through overwhelming debt? Is the growth of the state always proportional to the preceding economic freedoms? More wealth is created, but this attracts more thieves and political parasites. This greed then destroys the economic freedoms as the system then collapses. "Freedom metastasizes the cancer of the state". Government begins small but always increases in size and scope. Therefore, there can never be a viable and sustainable alternative to a truly free and peaceful society. To be truly free is very easy and very hard. We avoid the horror of our enslavement because it is so painful to see it directly. We ignore the endless violence of our dying system, because it is unthinkable. We can only be kept in the cages we refuse to see. Wake up, to see the farm is to leave it.

Mountain Vision Conclusion This video presents a dark, thought-provoking, perhaps even campy, version of history and our current human condition. However, human history has been darker, more brutal, and more difficult at a personal level, than books at a general and macro level usually portray. Enslavement, exploitation and control of humans, by humans, persists and thrives, even in the most modern, free countries. Americans like to say they are free, to which I respond, "Go tell the IRS that, that you are free, that you are being extorted, and that you'll not pay taxes henceforth". The threat of imprisonment, but most likely impoverishment, by the IRS will get you back in line, and under control, immediately. The ongoing technological explosion can either enslave or liberate individuals. The worldwide inter-connectivity of people via the Internet, via the global cloud, provides hope. History is written by the victors (Winston Churchill). History is little else than a long succession of useless cruelties (Voltaire). In mass societies, myth takes the place of history (William Bosenbrook). The historian amputates reality (Gaetano Salvemini). I wonder why we hate the past so? (W.D. Howells to Mark Twain). It's so damned humiliating (Twain's reply).

The Story of Your Enslavement We can only be kept in the cages we do not see. A brief history of human enslavement - up to and including your own. From Freedomain Radio, the largest and most popular philosophy conversation in the world. http://www.freedomainradio.com

Freedomain Radio
The largest philosophy conversation in the world

About Stefan Molyneux I am Stefan Molyneux, the host of Freedomain Radio. I have been a software entrepreneur and executive, co-founded a successful company and worked for many years as a Chief Technical Officer. I studied literature, history, economics and philosophy at York University, hold an undergraduate degree in History from McGill University, and earned a graduate degree from the University of Toronto, focusing on the history of philosophy. I received an 'A' for my Master's Thesis analyzing the political implications of the philosophies of Immanuel Kant, G.W.F. Hegel, Thomas Hobbes and John Locke. I also spent two years studying writing and acting at the National Theatre School of Canada. I have been fascinated by philosophy - particularly moral theories - since my mid-teens. I left my career as a software entrepreneur and executive to pursue philosophy full time through my work here at Freedomain Radio. I have written a number of novels as well as many free books on philosophy. In my podcasts and videos, I try to avoid opinions, and instead talk about proof and rationality. If the theories I propose are reasonable, and are supported by evidence, well and good, we have both learned something. If not, listeners such as you are quick to point out errors, which I receive with gratitude. This approach is fundamentally different from most "talk shows." I am a rigorous philosopher, and I will always bow to reason and evidence. The only freedom is freedom from illusion...

Visit Osprey Port News Network!

Apple, Google, Baidu, China, technology, financial system, stocks, markets, economy, science, environment, future

Follow Mountain Vision (@MountainVision) on Twitter!

Observations & thoughts by a sojourner through space & time...

Technological singularity, transhumanism, reality (objective, virtual, programmed, augmented), Universe, future.

▲▲▲

Is the Universe a Simulation? (Video) *Do we live in a virtual reality?*

▲▲▲

If our existence is inside a simulation, are we real at all?

Are We Living in a Computer Simulation? "We are currently living in a computer simulation", says Nick Bostrom who originated the Simulation Hypothesis. He means literally, "we are living in a computer simulation created by some advanced civilization in a computer they have built in their Universe". This implies, "that everything we see and our brains themselves would just be part of this simulation". Bostrom argues this isn't just speculation, but based on empirical considerations, including the computing power available to advanced civilizations. The Simulation Hypothesis, "couldn't be conceptualized before we had the concept of the computer, so it's really in the last several decades that the Hypothesis could even be entertained".

The Game of Life John Conway's Game of Life is a simulation, a cellular automaton, that provides support for the Simulation Hypothesis. Conway says that although the rules in the Game of Life are "tiny, trivial laws" compared to the laws of the Universe, they do exhibit interesting behavior. "It proved an important point, which is that a system like this, the Game of Life, could have some of the properties of the real Universe. So, in a way, its design was copied, but in a very trivial way, from real-life biology and correspondingly it became a kind of artificial biology ". Bostrom says, "We can't be certain to what extent the actual laws governing the natural world are similar to those in the Game of Life. We do know the laws governing the natural world are simple. We can write them down in simple equations. We can program computers to simulate them and from great simplicity we derive great complexity".

Existence Inside a Simulation If our existence is inside a simulation, are we real at all? Nick Bostrom states, "Speculations about the nature of reality and whether it might be an illusion or a dream goes back for thousands of years - philosophers have been pondering these questions. If we are in a simulation does that mean that nothing is real? I think a better way of viewing it that it would mean that reality is something slightly different than we thought. For most practical intents and purposes, you would still behave as you do anyway. We have no reason to get depressed by the philosophical implications of these things because the everyday aspect of life is always going to feel the same, regardless if we actually have free will or not, regardless if the Universe is going to end in a Big Crunch. I think for all the thinking humans like to do on the big things, what really, really gets to us emotionally are the everyday little things. They are what they are. Max Tegmark, a cosmologist, says, "Ultimately, if we are a simulation, then in the ways that matter to us, we are real enough. Whatever force has guided our creation, mathematical or intelligent, it is constructed from simple atoms. Humans are a creature capable of thinking beyond the limits of physical investigation.

What is the Purpose of the Simulation? A simulation implies a creator, design, and purpose. If we are simulated, might we have been simulated for a purpose? Might there be a creator with a grand design, just as our ancestors believed? Nick Bostrom notes, "These kinds of arguments show at the same time the limitations to the reach of the human intellect. We're discovering how our little corner of the world might indeed just be a small, small, small, small, small corner of a vastly bigger world than we ever imagined. We might never, even in principle, be able to look out at other parts. At the same time, these arguments also emphasize the astounding reach of the human intellect that we can begin to formulate theories and hypotheses that extend way beyond the world around us that we are evolved to cope with, i.e., how many lions entered the cave?, will it rain later this afternoon?, what does that person think of me? - these kind of very down-to-earth issues since our brain evolved. But it turns out it can be used to grapple with these fundamental questions of existence and the nature of the world."

Alternative Creation Theory An alternative explanation to the religious accounts of our creation results in a possibility, via the Simulation Hypothesis, that is incredibly similar: an all-powerful, all-knowing, super-intelligent being, an entity whose motives are unfathomable and whose existence is unprovable. Max Tegmark adds, "It is very important for us physicists to not dismiss ideas just because they are weird. Because if we did, we would have already dismissed atoms, black holes, and all sorts of other marvelous things. When you ask the basic question about the nature of reality, don't you expect an answer which is a little bit weird? I think anything but weird would be a big letdown. Let's just accept that the Universe is weird and view that as part of its charm." Nick Bostrom says, "There's no reason that the human brain should have evolved just far enough to simulate the deepest nodes of reality, what is amazing that we have been able to make so much sense as we have of the external world. I believe when the history of science is written then what's been discovered about our Universe in the last decade or two will be one of the most exciting chapters.But the key question, of course, is what we still don't know and that is the challenge for the coming century."

Big Think Summary Big Think reported, "Imagine a super-advanced version of The Sims, running on a machine with more processing power than all the minds on Earth. Intelligent design? Not necessarily. The Creator in this scenario could be a future fourth-grader working on a science project. Oxford University philosopher Nick Bostrom argues that we may very well all be Sims. This possibility rests on three developments: (1) the aforementioned megacomputer. (2) The survival and evolution of the human race to a “posthuman” stage. (3) A decision by these posthumans to research their own evolutionary history, or simply amuse themselves, by creating us – virtual simulacra of their ancestors, with independent consciousnesses."

Simulation Hypothesis The Simulation Hypothesis by Nick Bostrom argues that at least one of the following propositions is true:
(1) the human species is very likely to go extinct before reaching a “posthuman” stage
(2) any posthuman civilization is extremely unlikely to run a significant number of simulations of their evolutionary history (or variations thereof)
(3) we are almost certainly living in a computer simulation.
It follows that the belief that there is a significant chance that we will one day become posthumans who run ancestor-simulations is false, unless we are currently living in a simulation.

Mountain Vision Conclusion The only theory that explains all the scientific facts and human experiences, in the totality of reality as perceived by humans, and in the entire known Universe, is Simulation Hypothesis Argument #3: we are almost certainly living in a computer simulation. Further, the purpose of the simulation is probably either experimentation or entertainment. Any other purpose cannot be determined and proven from human experiences and scientific facts discovered to-date. Further, the creator of the simulation, from a human's perception within the simulation, is all-powerful and all-knowing. However, there is no proof the operator of the simulation is the creator of the simulation. Every human experience, scientific fact discovered, and human philosophical belief is within and explained by these propositions. What do you think? Can you prove me wrong?

Computer Simulation A video about the possibility that we are actually living in a computer simulation, Matrix like.. Narrated by David Malone.

About Nick Bostrom (Professor, Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School; Director, Future of Humanity Institute; Director, Programme on the Impacts of Future Technology; University of Oxford) Nick Bostrom: Prior to taking up my current post as the founding director of the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University, I was a British Academy Postdoctoral Research Fellow in the Faculty of Philosophy. Before that, I was a lecturer at Yale University, in the Department of Philosophy and in the Institute for Social and Policy Studies. Beside philosophy, I have a background in physics, computational neuroscience, mathematical logic, and artificial intelligence. I studied several subjects in parallel as an undergraduate---my performance set a national record in my native Sweden. Before degenerating into a tweedy academic, I also dabbled in painting, poetry, and drama, and for a while did stand-up comedy in London.

Visit Osprey Port News Network!

Apple, Google, Baidu, China, technology, financial system, stocks, markets, economy, science, environment, future

Follow Mountain Vision (@MountainVision) on Twitter!

Observations & thoughts by a sojourner through space & time...

Technological singularity, transhumanism, reality (objective, virtual, programmed, augmented), Universe, future.

▲▲▲